编译|李言Nature, 19 December 2024, Volume 636 Issue 8043《天然》2024年12月19日，第636卷，8043期资料迷信Material SciencesGrowth-based monolithic 3D integration of single-crystal 2D semiconductors基于成长的单晶二维半导体单片三维集成▲ 作者：Ki Seok Kim, Seunghwan Seo et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08236-9▲择要：在此，咱们提出了一种在非晶态跟多晶名义上成长单晶通道资料的方式。这些资料特殊由过渡金属二硫化物构成，在充足低的温度下停止，以维护底层的电子元件。经由过程这种改进后的技巧，咱们展现了垂直单晶逻辑晶体管阵列的无缝单体集成。这一结果招致了由成长的单晶通道构成的史无前例的垂直互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）阵列的开展。终极，这一结果为以单晶情势的种种电子硬件的M3D集成供给了机遇。▲ Abstract：Here we present a method for growing single-crystalline channel materials, specifically composed of transition metal dichalcogenides, on amorphous and polycrystalline surfaces at temperatures low enough to preserve the underlying electronic components. Building on this developed technique, we demonstrate the seamless monolithic integration of vertical single-crystalline logic transistor arrays. This accomplishment leads to the development of unprecedented vertical complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) arrays composed of grown single-crystalline channels. Ultimately, this achievement provides opportunities for M3D integration of various electronic hardware in the form of single crystals.地理学AstronomyTidally driven remelting around 4.35 billion years ago indicates the Moon is old435万年前的潮汐驱动重融表现月球十分陈旧▲ 作者：Francis Nimmo, Thorsten Kleine & Alessandro Morbidelli▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08231-0▲择要：在此，咱们以为月球岩石中频仍呈现的年纪4.35-Ga跟锆石年纪的峰值大概同时呈现，标明月球轨道演变驱动的重熔变乱，而不是月球岩浆洋（LMO）的原始结晶。咱们的成果展现了在经由过程拉普拉斯立体跃迁的进程中，月球阅历了充足的潮汐加热跟熔化，招致年夜少数月球样品的构成年纪被重置，同时保存了晚期解冻的外形跟常见的晚期构成的锆石。这种形式协调了LMO结晶时光估计上存在的差别，并容许月球在太阳系构成的多少万万年内构成，与类地行星构成的能源学模子分歧。月球的重熔也说明了月球撞击盆地的次数比预期的要少，并容许在月球构成后被吸积到月球上的星子中的金属被转移到月球中心，这说明了月球与地球比拟显明缺少这些物资的起因。▲ Abstract：Here we argue that the frequent occurrence of approximately 4.35-Ga ages among lunar rocks and a spike in zircon ages at about the same time is indicative of a remelting event driven by the Moon’s orbital evolution rather than the original crystallization of the LMO. We show that during passage through the Laplace plane transition, the Moon experienced sufficient tidal heating and melting to reset the formation ages of most lunar samples, while retaining an earlier frozen-in shape and rare, earlier-formed zircons. This paradigm reconciles existing discrepancies in estimates for the crystallization time of the LMO, and permits formation of the Moon within a few tens of million years of Solar System formation, consistent with dynamical models of terrestrial planet formation. Remelting of the Moon also explains the lower number of lunar impact basins than expected, and allows metal from planetesimals accreted to the Moon after its formation to be removed to the lunar core, explaining the apparent deficit of such materials in the Moon compared with Earth.A dormant overmassive black hole in the early Universe晚期宇宙中一个休眠的超年夜品质黑洞▲ 作者：Ignas Juod?balis, Roberto Maiolino et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08210-5▲择要：在此，咱们讲演了JADES巡天中探测到的z=6.68星系的Hα宽发射线。该星系追踪到一个品质约为4?×?108M⊙的黑洞，其吸积速度仅为爱丁顿极限的0.02倍。黑洞与宿主星系恒星的品质比约为0.4，即约为部分关联的1000倍，而体系在宿主星系的静态品质跟速率色散方面更濒临部分关联。这个天体很可能是在再电离时代四周有大批休眠黑洞的表现。它的性子与超等爱丁顿吸积的长久暴发招致黑洞适度成长跟吸积盘中大批气体排挤的情形分歧；在暴发之间，黑洞的年夜局部时光都处于休眠状况。▲ Abstract：Here we report the detection, from the JADES survey, of broad Hα emission in a galaxy at z?=?6.68, which traces a black hole with a mass of about 4?×?108M⊙and accreting at a rate of only 0.02 times the Eddington limit. The black hole to host galaxy stellar mass ratio is about 0.4—that is, about 1,000 times above the local relation—whereas the system is closer to the local relations in terms of dynamical mass and velocity dispersion of the host galaxy. This object is most likely an indication of a much larger population of dormant black holes around the epoch of reionization. Its properties are consistent with scenarios in which short bursts of super-Eddington accretion have resulted in black hole overgrowth and massive gas expulsion from the accretion disk; in between bursts, black holes spend most of their life in a dormant state.医学MedicineAutomated real-world data integration improves cancer outcome prediction实在天下数据主动化集成晋升癌症预后猜测情形▲ 作者：Justin Jee, Christopher Fong et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08167-5▲择要：在此，咱们将天然言语处置解释与构造化药物、患者讲演的生齿统计数据、肿瘤抱病注销数据、以及来自留念斯隆—凯特琳癌症核心的24950名患者的肿瘤基因组数据联合起来，天生临床基因组上的和谐肿瘤学实在数据集（MSK-CHORD）。MSK-CHORD中的数据包含非小细胞肺癌（n=7809）、乳腺癌（n=5368）、结直肠癌（n=5543）、前线腺癌（n=3211）跟胰腺癌（n=3109）的数据，并可能发明在较小数据会合不显明的临床基因组学关联。经由过程应用MSK-CHORD练习呆板进修模子来猜测总体生活率，咱们发明，经由过程穿插验证跟外部多机构数据集测试，包含天然言语处置（如疾病部位）衍生特点的模子优于基于基因组数据或独自阶段的模子。经由过程解释705241份喷射学讲演，MSK-CHORD还发明了特定器官部位转移的猜测因子，包含在自力数据会合证明的经免疫医治的肺腺癌中SETD2渐变与较低转移潜力之间的关联。▲ Abstract：Here we combine natural language processing annotations with structured medication, patient-reported demographic, tumour registry and tumour genomic data from 24,950 patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to generate a clinicogenomic, harmonized oncologic real-world dataset (MSK-CHORD). MSK-CHORD includes data for non-small-cell lung (n?=?7,809), breast (n?=?5,368), colorectal (n?=?5,543), prostate (n?=?3,211) and pancreatic (n?=?3,109) cancers and enables discovery of clinicogenomic relationships not apparent in smaller datasets. Leveraging MSK-CHORD to train machine learning models to predict overall survival, we find that models including features derived from natural language processing, such as sites of disease, outperform those based on genomic data or stage alone as tested by cross-validation and an external, multi-institution dataset. By annotating 705,241 radiology reports, MSK-CHORD also uncovers predictors of metastasis to specific organ sites, including a relationship between SETD2 mutation and lower metastatic potential in immunotherapy-treated lung adenocarcinoma corroborated in independent datasets. 地球迷信Earth ScienceAtmospheric rivers cause warm winters and extreme heat events年夜气层河道招致暖冬跟极其低温变乱▲ 作者：Serena R. Scholz & Juan M. Lora▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08238-7▲择要：在此，咱们展现了在很多中纬度地域，年夜气层河道（AR）频仍产生的节令的温度也高于均匀温度，而且AR变乱与高于气象均匀值5—10°C的温度异样有关。这是因为低层年夜气中感热跟水汽的异样程度运送跟辐合，增添了地表向下的感热通量跟向下的长波辐射。在小时的时光标准上，在中纬度的年夜局部地域，超越70%的极其暖和温度异样产生在AR内，而且AR与寰球很多地域的湿润跟复合热浪有关，这标明将AR归入考量要素可能会进步某些极其热变乱的猜测才能。▲ Abstract：Here we show that seasons with more frequent ARs also have warmer than average temperatures in many mid-latitude regions, and that AR events are associated with temperature anomalies of 5–10?°C above the climatological mean. This is due to anomalous horizontal transport and convergence of sensible heat and moisture in the lower atmosphere, which increases both downward sensible heat flux and downwelling long-wave radiation at the surface. On an hourly timescale, over 70% of extreme warm-temperature anomalies occur within ARs in large portions of the mid-latitudes, and ARs are associated with moist and compound heatwaves in many regions worldwide, suggesting that consideration of ARs may improve predictive capability for certain extreme heat events. Our results demonstrate that ARs significantly impact air temperatures on a wide array of timescales, and that they may play a wider role in global energy transport than previously recognized.农业AgricultureStructural variation in the pangenome of wild and domesticated barley野生跟驯化年夜麦泛基因组的构造变异▲ 作者：Murukarthick Jayakodi, Qiongxian Lu et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08187-1▲择要：在此，咱们讲演一个包括76个野生跟驯化种类的长读序列组装跟1315个基因型的短读序列数据的年夜麦泛基因组。作物序列变异的扩大目次包含构造庞杂的位点，以及丰盛的基因拷贝数变异。为了展现泛基因组的适用性，咱们重点研讨了四个波及疾病抗性、动物构造、养分开释跟毛状体发育的位点。咱们在白粉病抗性位点发明了新的等位基因变异，而且在调理养分分支的调控因子中发明了种群特异性的拷贝数增添。在优质麦芽中，淀粉裂解酶家属的扩大与微麦芽实验中酶活性的变更相干联。加强子基序的缺掉可能会转变年夜麦谷物上毛状从属物的发育轨迹。咱们的发明标明，构造庞杂位点的等位基因多样性可能辅助作物动物顺应农业生态体系中的新抉择机制。▲ Abstract：Here we report a pangenome of barley comprising long-read sequence assemblies of 76 wild and domesticated genomes and short-read sequence data of 1,315 genotypes. An expanded catalogue of sequence variation in the crop includes structurally complex loci that are rich in gene copy number variation. To demonstrate the utility of the pangenome, we focus on four loci involved in disease resistance, plant architecture, nutrient release and trichome development. Novel allelic variation at a powdery mildew resistance locus and population-specific copy number gains in a regulator of vegetative branching were found. Expansion of a family of starch-cleaving enzymes in elite malting barleys was linked to shifts in enzymatic activity in micro-malting trials. Deletion of an enhancer motif is likely to change the developmental trajectory of the hairy appendages on barley grains. Our findings indicate that allelic diversity at structurally complex loci may have helped crop plants to adapt to new selective regimes in agricultural ecosystems. 申明：新浪网独家稿件，未经受权制止转载。 -->